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50 PCB007 MAGAZINE I JANUARY 2019 Electroplating copper has been a standard part of the PCB manufacturing process for more than 50 years. The basic technology has not changed very much in that time. Normal arrangements involve a series of chemical and rinse tanks into which panels are dipped first to clean the copper surface and then to electroplate copper onto the surface and through the drilled holes and vias. Some smaller manufacturers still use a manual process where an operator moves the panel(s) being plated from tank to tank to complete the process. Larger manufacturers use machines that may have a very similar arrangement of tanks but on a larger scale, and an automatically controlled transporter moves the panels. The normal process options for the plating operation are either panel or pattern plating. Either way, the panels are prepared by drilling all of the holes required and then making a thin conductive deposit such as electroless copper or carbon/graphite. This will be used as the base for electroplating through the holes. If you panel plate, the whole of the surface is electroplated as well as the drilled holes. If you pattern plate, then a plating resist is used to make an image on the surface, and the copper is electroplated selectively. Over the years, developments have been made from time to time that have helped to refine the process. For instance, floating shields within the copper tanks have helped to deal with panels of different lengths. Pulse rectification has enabled high aspect ratio panels to be produced with an even deposit of copper through the holes. However, if you had run one of the original processes back in the day, you would still recognise a more modern version of the process. Even with the best available traditional plating line, there are still some shortcomings that are difficult to overcome. It is not efficient to plate panels one at a time—you would need a lot of plating tanks, and throughput would be pretty low. Most machines are based on plating VCP: The Future of Plating Ladle on Manufacturing by Marc Ladle, VIKING TEST LTD. Figure 1: Copper plating cell. Figure 2: Pulse rectifier enclosure.