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March 2016 • The PCB Magazine 67 Figure 14: Effect of ph on lCG and ThC. Figure 16: Effect of sweller on lCG and ThC. Figure 17: Main effect plots for lCG growth. Figure 15: Effect of reducer on lCG and ThC. Figures 17 and 18, respectively. It is clear from the ANOVA analysis that both temperature and caustic (pH) concentration are statistically sig- nificant. However, sweller type and concen- tration proved to be insignificant as was seen before. Furthermore, it shows LCG growth is higher with high temperature and pH. Following the process optimized DOE, sev- eral smaller DOEs were run to optimize the pro- cess window. A typical optimization condition is shown in Table 5. Confirmation runs were made to determine the performance of the new conditioner with several different substrates. The LCG results for the PI materials with the direCt metallization system for flexible printed CirCuits