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18 The PCB Magazine • October 2017 Signal integrity! In a world which is increas- ingly high-speed and digital, the chemical-de- pendent and mainly analogue-controlled world of PCB manufacturing is not always a comfort- able partner. In theory, the electronic performance of each PCB design is protected by the tolerances and ma- terial specification stated in the design package, but the further you proceed towards the limits of technical product performance, the more difficult it is to ensure you will get a perfect result. Start with your base material. The copper thickness may be stated as 35 microns on the delivery paperwork but what is the real thick- ness of the copper? A lot of companies use a simple resistance-based thickness check to make sure they are using the right thickness but that will not tell you if you are starting with 35 mi - crons or if the actual thickness is more like 33 microns. Copper is a relatively expensive com- modity, and the process for foil production can be pretty accurately controlled. This means that material suppliers may use the allowed tolerance to their advantage by keeping the foil thickness closer to the lower limit of thickness. Now let us consider a batch of 50 production panels passing through the inner layer process. Pretty early in the process you are going to have to clean the surface of the material to ensure your dry film photoresist will stick to the sur - face. Cleaning may be using an abrasive brush or chemical cleaning but either way you are re- ducing the copper thickness further. Production processing is not a perfect science and reprocessing of material sometimes hap- pens. Let's say the dry film had a wrinkle on the surface. In this case the material cannot be used unless the film is stripped and then the panel has to pass again through the surface cleaning pro - cess and be re-laminated with dry film. In the process, we lose a little bit of extra copper thick- ness which then means one of our production panels is a little different from the rest with re- gard to the remaining copper thickness. The etching process then removes the un- wanted copper leaving the desired line width on the PCB. Again—life is not perfect—there is always some variation, as fresh etch solution is usually dosed into the machine in pulses so the etch rate is not the same from one panel to the next. Our panel which already has a little less thickness than the others in the batch is a potential worst case as it started with less copper so would etch just a few percent faster than the oth - ers, meaning the final track width will also be slightly thinner than the oth- er panels. Poor working practice may mean that an under-etched panel is re-processed through the etch, which removes the unwanted copper but also takes a little more of what should have remained on the track with it. After stripping the dry film and in- specting the panels, they usually pass through a reducing oxide to roughen the copper surface in preparation for multilayer lamination. The oxide pro - Fabricating for Signal Integrity FEATURE COLUMN: LADLE ON MANUFACTURING by Marc Ladle VIKING TEST LTD.