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SEPTEMBER 2018 I SMT007 MAGAZINE 15 spatial information gathering. One example is to develop management processes that build the most effective teams of judgment-focused humans and prediction-focused AI agents. In military, emerging technologies will shape the next generation of war. For instance, through human-agent teams and advances in AI, soldiers will provide commanders with real-time information about the adversary, which can be gathered from a variety of differ- ent sources. Army robotics give individual sol- diers the capability to control swarms of robot- ic systems for missions that often require large numbers of troops to accomplish. A single sol- dier could conduct reconnaissance over large areas with dozens of robotic systems, which would be especially important in conditions such as dense urban environments. The excep- tional challenge with urban environments is that everything takes substantial manpower to overcome and control. Intelligent teaming and robotic systems can have significant impacts and tactical advantages to deliver integrated cross-domain capabilities in multi-domain bat- tles (air, ground, marine, space, cyberspace) to win in a complex war (Figure 2). The con- cept could also be developed to enhance bat- tlefield communications when networks are hampered by enemy activity or natural obsta- cles are encountered. Global Race AI talents are key, yet in shortage with demands exceeding supplies. Funds abound with exponential growth during the last decade. Thus, more money will be pouring in from both private and government sectors to nurture new talents to fill the AI talent gap. Meanwhile, thousands of startups in this arena are burgeoning around the globe. Reportedly, the UK has launched new uni- versity courses focused on AI and added funding for doctoral students at top universi- ties. The UK has set up a parliamentary select committee on AI dedicated to consider and make recommendations on the economic, ethical, and social implications of advances in AI. Moreover, China is now embarking on an unprecedented effort to master AI. Its gov- ernment is planning to invest tens of bil- lions of dollars into AI technology in the com- ing years, and many Chinese companies are investing heavily in educating and developing AI talents. The Chinese government is push- ing hard for the development of AI and IoT in China, as well as commercial AI companies. If this nationwide effort succeeds, China could emerge as a leading force in AI. China's suc- cess in building supercomputers demonstrates its potential to catch up to world leaders in AI hardware [2] . Hardware Hardware plays a critical part in the AI era and works hand in hand with software sys- tems. The increased workload and almost unlimited processing power propelled by AI/ ML will require the most advanced semicon- ductors, packaging approaches, and manufac- turing prowess ever developed to reach the interconnect density needed. To enable AI and its building blocks— machine learning, deep learning, neural net- works, new chips (processor and memory), and new architectures—a system design that delivers on targets such as low power con- sumption, high performance, low latency, high bandwidth, and high speed, will be the ever in demand. Inference processing in lieu of tra- ditional program processing can be achieved only by fulfilling these performance require- ments. Equally demanding is to assess and optimize for different types of AI workloads— Figure 2: Military AI applications in urban environments [1].