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94 SMT007 MAGAZINE I MARCH 2019 2. Computer-aided tooling/artwork systems are used to process and methodize PC artwork files, put them on grid, clean up line spacing and straightness, align lay- ers, standardize tooling, and provide NC and AOI programs. They can also design multiple image panels. All of these tasks change and improve the product. The printed circuit and its panel evolve, which will improve the performance of the auto- mated system 3. DFM programs can be undertaken by the customer or product engineering These programs are designed to lead the customer to do a better job at designing the product and making changes or edits that will improve the product and lead to corresponding cost savings. DFM DFM is a relatively recent engineering phi- losophy focused on improving the fabrication of parts or simplifying the assembly of prod- ucts by analyzing value, tolerance, movement, difficulty, or suitability for automation. The approach can take many avenues but the goal is the same—simplify the product and make it easier to manufacture. One technique devel- oped by Dewhurst and Boothroyd and further refined by Hitachi and General Electric in- volves the design for assembly being based on a rigorous analysis of assembly part count, the complexity of motion and parts, and assembly time. With this numerical rating, a more ratio- nal program of improvements is possible. Other times, customer or product engineers in the manufacturing chain are called upon to implement the program. It is their job to sup- ply customers with PCB education seminars, design and cost guidelines, and tradeoff com- parisons. A manufacturability audit or recom- mendation may be in order if a company pro- duces prototypes. By any means, the goal is to make the printed circuit more producible. This will lower the complexity factor (C). In fact, if Figure 11: The automation methodology consists of automation plans for each work center plus plans for material flow and information flow between work centers. SYSTEMIZATION LEVELS 6 5 4 3 2 1 A E D C B F 1 Material Handling Degree 1 Network Communication Extent a e d c b f 1 5 4 3 2 6 6 5 4 3 2 1 A E D C B F 6 5 4 3 2 1 A E D C B F a e d c b f 1 5 4 3 2 6 Electroplate Assemble Inspect 6 5 4 3 2 1 A E D C B F Receive a e d c b f 1 5 4 3 2 6 Mechanization Classes Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3