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MARCH 2019 I SMT007 MAGAZINE 43 optical networks that can blur where the con- trolling software resides. The ISA-95 systems hierarchy model includes factory equipment at Level 0, the production process at Level 1, loop control at Level 2, MOM or MES at Level 3, and ERP and other enterprise systems at Level 4, using the cloud if necessary. The ISA-95 standards came about in the late '90s. ISA was officially established as the In- strument Society of America on April 28, 1945, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Over the years, the name has changed to The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society. In 2007, they simplified the name to The International Society of Automation with a membership of over 32,000 in 100 countries. Notice how the hierarchies in Figures 8 and 9 follow the hier- archy in Figure 3 closely. ANSI/ISA-95, or ISA-95, is an international standard from The International Society of Au- tomation. It is built upon ISA-88—the control activities for Levels 0, 1, and 2. It was created for developing an automated interface between enterprise and control systems (Levels 3 and 4). The objective of ISA-95 is to provide consistent terminology for suppliers and manufacturers and information models for communications. There are five parts of the ISA-95 standard, which can be seen at www.Isa-95.com. Figure 9 illustrates the vast number of ap- plications that can populate a modern smart factory today. Here are only 34 application ar- eas from sensors, instruments, and PLCs to the plant logistics and scheduling software, but the total applications available can be many times larger. All of these operate within a response time from milliseconds to days. The commu- nications between each level and inside a lev- el follow the seven-layer OSI communication standard (Figure 10). Figure 8: The ISA-95 standards are the latest explanations of the hierarchy of command and control software in modern manufacturing.