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48 PCB007 MAGAZINE I MARCH 2019 Figure 10 details the planning tools for the design of the following software: vertical ta- ble of contents (VTOC) and hierarchical inputs programmed output (HIPO). VTOC and HIPO documents are important methods of creating the internal and external specifications for cus- tom software. Coding is the easiest and fastest part of the process once all of the planning has been completed. VTOC The VTOC can be used as a framework in developing programs, and contains these ele- ments and steps (Figure 11): • Group various tasks into modules • Identify relationships between the various modules • Optimize modules Figure 9: Custom software development cycle.