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SEPTEMBER 2019 I PCB007 MAGAZINE 47 The good news is that solutions exist and need to be promoted and adopted with low costs to all sectors, domains, and countries. Since the 1970s in the Americas, and since the 1990s in Europe, the authorities have start- ed to regulate these topics more and more; the actual regulations started in the 2000s: • In the automotive sector, the end-of-life vehicle (ELV-2000/53) directive is re- stricting heavy metals at end of life and promoting reuse, recycling, and recov- ery (RRR–2005/64/EC) for products with minimum rates as designed (reuse and recycling rate: 80% minimum on 2006 for starting then 85% since 2016) • In the electrotechnical sectors, the EU has restricted the use of certain hazard- ous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS, 2002/95/EC), as well as similar RoHS regulations in China, Korea, California; and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE–2002/96/ EC) with EU RoHS regularly amended, in particular: – (EC) 2011/65: RoHS2 or RoHS recast to include CE marking and risk manage- ment for collecting proof of evidence – (EC) 2015/863: Amendment of EU RoHS directive to prohibit four phthalates used in plastics • The United Nations (UN) Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS, 2003) and the classification, labeling, and packaging of substances and mixtures EC Directive (CLP–1272/2008) • Batteries and Accumulators and Waste Batteries directive (EC 2006/66) that prohibits heavy metals over specified thresholds • EU REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemi- cals) (EC 2006/1907) that aims, in particular, to iden- tify SVHC to restrict some substances with possible authorizations for 4–12 years and to prohibit the most hazardous substances from the European market • Cosmetics directive (EC 2009/1223), defin- ing prohibited substances (annex II) and restricted substances (annex III); also, col- orants allowed (annex IV) and preserva- tives allowed (annex V) • Packaging (94/62/EC directive amended by 2005/20/EC directive) that prohibits heavy metals over specified thresholds of 0.01% The U.S. has also adopted similar regula- tions: • Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Chemical Substance Inventory (FDA– Federal Drug Administration), Proposition 65 (California) on reporting of hazardous substances • U.S. Dodd-Frank Act, including reporting of four conflict minerals—3TG (tin, tungsten, tantalum, gold)—from conflict areas in the Democratic Republic of Congo and surrounding countries Those environmental regulations may be classified into four categories: 1. Hazardous materials and substances (EU ELV, various RoHS, EU REACH, POP, TSCA, Prop65) Figure 1: Substances of very high concern (SVHC).