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68 PCB007 MAGAZINE I SEPTEMBER 2019 are open for free to "any person of interest (organization, company, government agen- cy, individual, etc.) regardless of a mem- bership in IPC"; only "active participation in committee" is required to participle for developing a standard, so any sector or company may participate in these commit- tees by contacting the IPC liaison member of the committee • Development of a standard is a 4-stage process: working draft (WD), final draft for industry review (FDIR), proposed stan- dard for ballot (PSB), and adoption (Fig- ure 15) • Development processes regarding a new standard, a revised standard or an amend- ment • Committee members are distributed in dif- ferent "interest categories": users, suppli- ers, and general interest for the final ballot with a minimum of 65% positive vote for adoption • Committees currently are mainly in the USA with two onsite meetings per year on the West Coast in the spring (recently, it has been San Diego, California) and in the Midwest in the fall (usually in Chicago, Il- linois); that has mainly a North Americans regional representation with less European and Asian members at these meetings • IPC standardization policy relies strongly on anti-trust and competition laws that ex- plain the openness of the committees The International Electrotechnical Commit- tee (IEC) has adopted ISO like development procedures: • ISO/IEC Directives, Edition 13.0 2017-05, Part 1—Procedures for the technical work • ISO/IEC Directives, Edition 7.0 2015-07, Part 2—Principles and rules for the structure and drafting of ISO and IEC documents IEC has the following highlights: • The development of a strategic business plan that considers the business environ- ment of the standard, evaluates progress on work programs and needs for revisions, and identifies emerging needs • A project approach with defined and se- quential stages and associated deliverables (in brackets): preliminary (preliminary work item—PWI), proposal new work item proposal (NP), preparatory (work- ing draft—WD), committee (committee draft—CD), enquiry (enquiry draft—CDV), approval (final draft international stan- dard—FDIS), and publication (internation- al standard—IEC) • Each project is led by a project leader or working group (WG) convener • The structure of the work programs in various projects relates to different standards if needed, and an evaluation of the target dates for the various deliverables • Only national body representatives may participate (P-members) or be an observer (O-members) for standard committees and subcommittees; even if not P-members or O-members, any national bodies can vote on inquiry draft and final draft Figure 15: IPC standardization procedure [12].