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16 DESIGN007 MAGAZINE I FEBRUARY 2022 stream PCB developers have yet to adopt PDN analysis as a common design process. But now that the technology is proven and the uptake costs have decreased dramatically, there is no reason why all designers should not take advantage of the technology to improve the reliability and performance of their products. e goal of robust PDN planning is to design a stable power source for all the required onboard power supplies (Figure 2). e trend in lower DC voltages also requires tighter voltage noise tolerances and higher currents. Market demands are forcing product designers to create PDNs with greater den- sity, higher power efficiencies and lower costs, making the process even more challenging. Soon there will be major advances in the fol- lowing fields: 1. Renewable energy technologies to reduce our carbon footprint and climate change. Fusion reactors. Electric and hydrogen vehicles and battery technology. 2. Quantum computers. ey will sig- nificantly shorten product development cycles and reduce the costs for R&D. New data encryption technologies. 3. Artificial intelligence. Advances in self- driving vehicles. Virtual spaces bringing us closer together. 4. A new era in medicines. CISPRA gene editing and mRNA vaccines and their many uses. 5. Communications and streaming services. 5G networks are already in use. And constellations of Starlink satellites will bring low latency internet access globally and to lower earth orbit. 6. Space tourist, space exploration, and asteroid mining. 7. 3D printed construction. A cost-effective way to build houses, factories, and space structures. Not forgetting built-up multilayer PCB construction. Figure 2: AC impedance profile of a DDR3 supply. (Source: iCD PDN Planner)