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20 DESIGN007 MAGAZINE I DECEMBER 2022 The Principles Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736–1806) was a French physicist. He is best known (at least to us) for developing a couple of laws in the 1700s. One was: "ere are two types of charge, positive and negative. 'Unlike' charges attract and 'like' charges repel each other (Figure 1) with a force that is proportional to the product of their charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them." Coulomb also gave us another law related to magnetism: Every magnetic pole is a dipole with an equal and opposite pole. at is the same thing as saying that a magnetic "north" pole cannot exist without there also being a magnetic "south" pole. Even if you cut a mag- net in half (see Figure 2), the individual poles would not be preserved; new poles would appear to preserve the dipole nature of the magnet. is leads to a law similar to above: "Magnetic force is a vector whose direction is a line along which the force acts (Figure 3). is magnetic force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance." Andre-Marie Ampere (1775-1836) was a French mathematician and physicist. He is credited with formulating Ampere's Law in 1825 (Figure 4): "An electric current is accompanied by a magnetic field whose direction is at right angles to the current flow." ere is an extension of Ampere's Law, cred- ited to Maxwell: "A changing electric current is accompanied by a changing magnetic field." Michael Faraday (1795-1867) had little for- mal training as a scientist. He was what we might refer to today as a "lab rat." Most of what Figure 1: Electric lines of force (field) illustrate Coulomb's Law. Figure 2: Every magnetic pole is part of a dipole. Figure 3: Magnetic lines of force (field).