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18 DESIGN007 MAGAZINE I AUGUST 2023 Since the advent of computers, engineers have been trying to create systems that "think" for themselves—making that leap from repeat- ing an algorithm to actually inventing one itself. Sheldon Fernandez, CEO of DarwinAI, discusses the difference between true artifi- cial intelligence and machine learning (ML), and whether we can trust what AI gives us. Is AI only as good as the training it's given by a human? Andy Shaughnessy: Sheldon, what's the cut- off between AI and ML? How do we know? In the 1950s, the original definition of AI was in asking how to get an artificial entity—some- thing that's not human—to exhibit behavior How Far Can We Trust AI? that we would classify as intelligent. Could it play chess or solve a mathematical equation on its own? It was a general term which the origi- nal AI practitioners had. As the AI got more sophisticated, people said those type of ques- tions about chess or mathematics weren't AI because the program wasn't really "thinking." For example, when IBM's Deep Blue beat Garry Kasparov in chess in 1997, people said, "Well, it may be better than the best human, but it doesn't know that it's playing chess. It doesn't even know what chess is. It's just realiz- ing an algorithm." Now, things are more sophis- ticated, and it depends on who you're talking to. People in my field wouldn't consider pat- tern matching or expert systems to be the arti- Feature Interview by the I-Connect007 Editorial Team