PCB007 Magazine

PCB007-Dec2024

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22 PCB007 MAGAZINE I DECEMBER 2024 Key Takeaways Understanding how copper resistance plays into performance is beneficial. Knowing if you have sufficient plating in your barrels or bonds requires special testing above normal continu- ity. 4-Wire Kelvin is your successful option for finding problem plating in barrels or bonding. Very small changes in copper resistivity will trigger faults during a 4-Wire Kelvin test where they will normally go undetected in a standard 10 Ohm continuity test. Validating your strip- lines (transmission lines) using TDR, coupled with 4-Wire Kelvin, gives the one-two punch you need to ensure your design is robust, built to last, and able to perform as the designers intended. Below are basic rules regarding cop- per and its relationship to resistivity. Copper and Electrical Resistance 1. Conductivity: Copper is one of the best electrical conductors available. It has very low resistivity, which means it offers little resis- tance to the flow of electric current. 2. Cross-sectional area: Increasing the amount of copper in a circuit, typically by using thicker wires, increases the cross-sectional area available for current flow. is reduces resis- tance. 3. Inverse relationship: e resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to its cross-sec- tional area. is means that as the cross-sec- tional area increases (more copper), the resis- tance decreases. If you have further questions regarding 4-Wire Kelvin and how it can help you, simply reach out. I would be happy to continue the discussion. PCB007 References 1. "Kelvin Bridge," Wikipedia Todd Kolmodin is VP of quality for Gardien Services USA and an expert in electrical test and reliability issues. Advances in generative AI and other areas could enable robots to assist human surgeons during cer- tain tasks that require significant dexterity like sutur- ing. Under an "Augmented Dexterity" approach, a human surgeon would closely oversee the robot's work and take over if needed. "A surgeon's dexterity often separates the good surgeons from the great ones," wrote Ken Gold- berg, UC Berkeley's William S. Floyd Jr. distin- guished chair in engineer- ing, and Gary Guthart, Intu- itive Surgical's chief exec- utive officer. "Augmented Dexterity has potential to elevate good surgeons to the level of the best sur- geons, which could sup- port faster, and more reli- able surgery." This paper, "Augmented Dexterity: How robots can enhance human surgical skills," suggests one way the latest developments in artificial intelligence could be used to advance medicine and improve the health and wellness of society. Surgeons already routinely use robots to con- duct certain minimally-invasive procedures. But the human determines almost every move the machine makes. With Augmented Dexterity, robots would develop and place digital images of planned maneuvers on top of live images of the surgical field. A human surgeon would review, edit and approve the plan, then supervise as the robot executes it. This could be applied to tasks like suturing and debridement, areas where surgeons' skills vary and where small errors could harm patients. (Source: UC Berkeley) Robots Could Help Close Surgeons' Skill Gaps and Improve Patient Outcomes Ken Goldberg

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