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70 PCB007 MAGAZINE I DECEMBER 2024 e variance values for opens for the cur- rent and new process are 34.2 and 12.6, respec- tively. Because the p-value is for a one-tailed test, the process engineer converts the p-value to a two-tailed test by multiplying the p-value by two (0.057 X 2 = 0.114). e p-value is greater than the alpha value of 0.05. e pro- cess engineer concludes that the variances are not statistically significant; the results in the data are likely explainable by chance. Because the p-value is greater than 0.10, the variance is considered non-significant. However, the pro- cess engineer must logically determine if the population variance differences have practical value. A second improvement project could be undertaken to reduce the variation. Conclusions Achieving world-class quality, "on target with minimal variation," requires continuous improvement projects. e two most common project parameters of interest are the mean and standard deviation. Statistical tests are an integral part of analyzing those projects. e two-sample t-Test and F-test are practical sta- tistical tools for analyzing the mean and stan- dard deviation. However, statistics are tools that can help us; they do not replace the pro- cess engineer's skill and intelligence. Micro- so Excel Data Analysis ToolPak is a ubiqui- tous and convenient soware for these analy- ses. Ultimately, the process engineer's function is to solve problems and add value. PCB007 References 1. Fundamentals of Project Management, 5th Edition, by J. Heagney, (2016). 2. NIST Engineering Statistics Handbook, (2012). 3. Retrieved from support.microsoft.com. 4. JMP Software. Patrick Valentine is the technical and Lean Six Sigma manager for Uyemura USA. Figure 3: Two-sample F-test. Table 9: Two-sample F-test output