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58 I-CONNECT007 MAGAZINE I MAY 2026 Figure 3: Flow diagram of the used process water treatment. Conclusion The treatment of used process water, particularly the 70% gen- erated from the dilute stream, involves a sophisticated series of steps, from advanced oxidation to granular activated carbon and ion exchange media, ultimately culminating in reverse osmosis technology. Each stage plays a pivotal role in ensuring that the water is not only treated effec- tively but is also suitable for reuse in the industrial process. For PCB or IC substrate fabri- cators looking to optimise their water management systems or seeking more information about implementing these advanced technologies, we invite you to reach out for further support. Embracing innovative water treat- ment solutions is essential for fostering a sustainable future, and we are here to help you navigate this vital journey. I-CONNECT007 Richard Nichols is technical marketing director at GreenSource Engineering. He can be reached at Richard.n@greensourceeng.com.