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62 I-CONNECT007 MAGAZINE I OCTOBER 2026 the circuit withstand during operation and during product assembly? Manufacturability: What are the estimated line widths and spacing? Is this a fine-line application, an extremely long circuit measuring several meters, or a standard design? Production volume by area: Is the product expected to run in hundreds, tens of thousands, or millions of units per year? Flexible circuits are usually measured in finished square area (square meters). What is the finished square area of the required production? Depending on the circuit type, cost may be driven by square meters, linear meters, or conductive ink usage. Printed inks, including printed silver, are an option often missed. Printed inks have been used in circuits for decades, typically in membrane switches or graphic overlay applications. With material costs increasing, especially gold and silver reaching record levels, printed ink should be considered as an option. Printed inks have supported components for decades; millions of desk phones with LEDs were made with printed silver LED circuits. Most home appliances from the past 30 years with a touch panel or graphic overlay, such as microwaves, use printed ink circuits. These technologies have been around for a long time and can be cost-effective. Over time, printed ink technology has also advanced, leading to several advantages: Lower cost, reliable substrates. Lower-cost substrates can be reliable when the application does not require high-temperature performance or flame-retardant materials. In those cases, printed ink circuits may use substrate materials that meet the application's need without adding unnecessary material cost. Volume processing. Lower-cost substrate mate- rials can improve processing efficiency in volume manufacturing, supporting lower-cost production when the design is compatible with printed ink construction. Improved inks. Improved inks have expanded the areas where printed ink circuits can be used. For example, human-biocompatible inks significantly grew the demand in medical applications such as disposable wearables for monitoring, diagnostics, and stimulations, as well as biosensors and assays. Clear conductive inks have enabled capacitive touch and other touch-sensing system designs in automotive and appliance applications. Improved processing. Advanced screened dielectrics can now support more complex designs, including multiple layers. Combined with lower- cost substrates, volume processing, and improved inks, these process advances create additional cost-effective options for advanced designs using printed ink circuits. As with each of the circuit types, every circuit technology has trade-offs. Printed inks can offer several advantages, including lower cost, faster manufacturing, less tooling requirements, and improved environmental processing because they do not require harsh etching or plating chemistries. Potential limitations include lower maximum operating temperatures, larger minimum line widths and spacing, and limited SMT compatibility. Production volumes also affect circuit selection and design. Many circuit types have ideal quanti- ties where material usage and cost are optimized. This is typically evaluated by area rather than by the number of parts. With an etched circuit, cost is usually based on square meters. With a die-cut copper or aluminum circuit, cost is often based on linear meters of circuit from a roll. For printed ink, cost is a combination of the base substrate and the amount of ink used, usually measured in kilograms. As a result, ideal printed ink volumes differ from etched copper volumes, creating different price- point advantages at different production levels. The key to designing a cost-effective flexible circuit is to meet the functional requirements at the lowest practical cost. To do that, designers should evaluate all viable constructions, including printed ink circuits, before selecting a path. When the best option is not clear, consult a flexible circuit design expert to help compare materials, processes, design rules, and cost drivers. Terrill Schmidt is director of tech- nology at Flexible Circuit Technolo- gies. To read past columns from Flex- ible Circuit Technologies, click here. FLEX007 | F L E X C O N N ECT I O N S