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April 2015 • The PCB Design Magazine 23 ditional loss to signal propagation due to the so called "skin effect." Initially proposed by Horace Lamb in 1883 for spherical conductors, it was then applied to conductors of any shape by Oli- ver Heaviside in 1885 (Wikipedia). In laymen's terms, the theory promulgates that induced electromagnetic fields (eddy currents) caused by alternating current will orientate the high- est current density flow to the outside of the conductor. This is referred to as the skin effect. In turn, different conductor properties (electri- cal and magnetic) in conjunction with differ- feature THE FUTURE oF NICkEL IN NICkEL/PALLADIUM/GoLD FINAL FINISHES continues Figure 3: The potential for spreading when using a Ni inclusive finish. Figure 4: The impact of frequency on skin depth (δ) with reference to process application.