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54 The PCB Magazine • October 2015 completed and we have determined the esti- mated cycle time, we can review the variation in time required between the various processes and process operators. Lastly, the standard work combination sheet provides a detailed description of what an indi- vidual does and the time it takes to perform one production cycle. The standard work combina- tion measures the people doing the work. The standard work combination sheet will show manufacturing metrics including runtime, val- ue added activity, set-up time and wait time. Items like set-up time and wait time can be cal- culated as a percent of total time to determine what areas need improvement. As we map the process we are looking for waste. The classic waste areas are defined as: overproduction, waiting (either for product or by people), transportation, inefficient process- ing, excessive inventory, unnecessary motion, making defective products, and underutilization of people or equipment (Figure 4). These wastes often occur in the manufacturing environment but they can also occur at the front end of the process in preproduction engineering. Introduction to value Stream Mapping In value stream mapping (VSM) we iden- tify all of the activities that will occur along a given value stream for a specific product. Value stream mapping requires segregation so that we can review only those products that are similar. These groupings will use the same equipment sets, process flows and resources. Lean language commonly refers to this as a product family. When undertaking a complex manufacturing process like PCBs, the best ap - proach is the look at the product family that is most essential to the company's business. This can be achieved by reviewing business plans and company goals, brainstorming on how your company brings value to its customer or which markets the company most effectively serves. Value stream mapping, like the process flow diagram, cannot be generated in a vacuum. It requires a team to properly develop the infor- mation for the current state map and determine what can be achieved in a short time for the future state map. This team needs time and re- sources to complete the process. Value stream PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF LEAN SIx-SIGMA TO DRIvE CyCLE TIME REDUCTION, PART 1 FeATure Figure 3: Percent loading bar chart – laser drilling operation.