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14 The PCB Magazine • November 2015 oxygen monitors (Figure 1), to wearables (Fit- bit, Apple watch), to home automation (Nest thermostats or Kwikset Kevo Bluetooth locks), to self-driving vehicles (Google car, Delphi car) and even agriculture technologies (Semios [Fig- ure 2]). Each of these devices will collect significant data and then upload it to the cloud in either raw or semi-processed format where analysis will be done and machines will make decisions based on the results and alert users, make au- tomated adjustments, or communicate with other machines to react to the conditions. Understandably, much of the press surrounds consumer devices, however Sam Smith at Juni- per Research indicates that, "While IoT 'smart home' based applications grab media headlines, it is the industrial and public services sector— such as retail, agriculture, smart buildings and smart grid applications—that will form the ma- jority of the device base." There are also varying degrees of adoption. Countries like South Korea and Denmark lead the field with the largest number of connected devices, with 37.9 and 32.7 per 100 residents, respectively. The United States by comparison is at a level of 24.9 connected devices per 100 resi- dents. All together, it is anticipated there will be nearly 40 billion connected devices by 2020. Flavio Bonami, former Cisco Fellow and co-lead puTTing iT All TogeTher WHAT IS THe InTerneT oF THInGS AnD WHy SHoULD IT MATTer To US? of its IOT initiative explains that "the Econom- ic Impact of the Internet of Things is forecasted by Cisco to grow by $19 trillion between 2014 and 2020." One key to this is the adoption of the IPv6 device addressing protocol. IPv4 (the current standard, ex: 66.147.252.109) allows for about 4.3 billion addresses. In June of this year, John Curran, CEO of the American Registry for In- ternet Numbers (ARIN), told attendees at a conference in Boston that the "ARIN's IPv4 Ad- dress pool has dwindled to 90,000 and [would] be exhausted within two weeks." He urged IT professionals from educational institutions to "upgrade their public facing websites to IPv6 as soon as possible." IPv6 by contrast, will facili- tate unique addressing for 4.3x10^38 devices (ex: 2600:1404:17:18b::19ff). Where will this $19 trillion come from? There are three basic categories of things that promise to undergo a significant amount of growth as a result of this IoT trend: 1) Sensors and edge devices: These de- vices will include sensors using Silicon ICs, MEMS technology (Figure 3), printed electron- ics, traditional circuit boards, and even organic biological sensors. These will include almost anything you can think of, from biometrics Figure 1: a wireless blood glucose monitoring design that connects to the cloud. (Source: Journal of Diabetes Science and technology) Figure 2: Semios orchard monitoring system has sensors which measure frost, leaf-wetness, soil moisture, and pest pressure and uploads that data to the cloud.