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88 The PCB Magazine • June 2016 of research, making modified formulations that can last forever, or using the superior control of an automated factory to reduce consumption can yield tremendous savings in regulatory and process costs. For under $1M in capital expenditure, a zero discharge treatment system can be implement- ed from a combination of ion exchange, mem- THE 21ST CENTURY PCB FACTORY—DESIGNED TO ELIMINATE OFFSHORE COST ADVANTAGES branes, distillation, crystallization, and etch re- cycling capable of supporting a 10,000 panels per week outerlayer operation. This represents a capital cost savings when compared to the cur- rent industry best practice solutions. It should also be noted that in a well-engi- neered zero liquid discharge environment, wa- ter conservation is unnecessary. Instead, the Figure 9: Example of waste stream characteristic catalogue. Figure 10: The zero liquid discharge system at Whelen Engineering.