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JANUARY 2019 I PCB007 MAGAZINE 75 in copper, cobalt, nickel, zinc, and uranium recovery and purification. There are many extractants for this type of liquid- ion exchange, but common for copper etchants is either alkaline or acid types are LIX64N and LIX54N made by General Mills extracted from wheat. This is a β-diketone or (7-ethyl-undeca-2, 4-dione) and is mixed with kerosene as the carrier and are the organic phases while the copper etchant or copper- bearing rinse waters are the aqueous phases. Figure 6a shows a flow diagram of the recovery and regeneration process for the etchant and its rinse waters. Figure 6b is a diagram of a mixer-separator unit that shows the mixing and separating chamber where the organic phase is less dense and floats on the aqueous phase to extract the copper into the organic phase. Next, another mixer-separator unit can strip the copper into Table 2: Methods of chemical recovery to regenerate chemicals, minimize waste treatment and the ROI for such systems [1] . Figure 4: Key recovery systems of (a) ion exchange, (b) crystallization, (c) and reverse osmosis; evaporation, cupric chloride recovery, and peroxide copper-etch electrowinning are not shown. (Source: Stepinski innovations LLC [3] ) Figure 5: Cupric chloride etch control with oxygenation.