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MARCH 2019 I PCB007 MAGAZINE 39 Design Principles for Industry 4.0 Scenarios One working paper [2] identified these six de- sign principles that can support companies in identifying and implementing Industry 4.0 so- lutions: 1. Interoperability: The ability of cyber-physi- cal systems (i.e., workpiece carriers, assembly stations, and products), humans, and smart factories to connect and communicate with each other via IoT and IoS 2. Virtualization: A virtual copy of smart fac- tories created by linking sensor data from mon- itoring physical processes with virtual plant and simulation models 3. Decentralization: The ability of cyber-phys- ical systems within smart factories to make de- cisions on their own Figure 2: (a) The PLC is the most common factory-floor intelligent control, and (b) a typical factory- floor Ethernet concentrator and controller can connect islands of automation. (Source: Siemens and Mentor Graphics) Figure 3: The management and technical environment for data structures and ownership.