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66 PCB007 MAGAZINE I APRIL 2020 1. Electrophoresis This is a method of separating large mole- cules (i.e., DNA fragments, blood, or other pro- teins) from a mixture of similar molecules by passing an electric field toward an electric pole (anode or cathode) in a liquid on various me- dia (e.g., paper, glass, gel, liquid). It is used to separate and purify biomolecules. Each molecule trav- els through the medium at a dif- ferent rate—depending on its elec- trical charge and size—and toward either the anode or the cathode at a characteristic speed (Figure 4). 2. MicroFluidics This custom application of fluid- ic technology is applied with con- ventional micromachining tech- niques, such as wet etching; dry etching; deep, reactive ion etch- ing; sputtering; anodic bonding; and fusion bonding to make flow channels, flow sensors, chemical detectors, separation capillaries, mixers, filters, pumps and valves for various LoCs (Figure 4). Flow in microchannels is laminar, which allows selective treatment of cells in micro- channels, or arrays, as well as biochemical re- actions. The integration of microelectronics, Figure 3: LoC elements [1] . Figure 4: LoC analysis sequence using electrophoresis in microfluidic.