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68 PCB007 MAGAZINE I APRIL 2020 chemicals and biological samples into micro- spray streams for use with liquid chromatogra- phy/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). 3. Polymer/PCB-based Many polymers are also optically transpar- ent and can be integrated into systems that use optical detection techniques such as fluo- rescence, UV/Vis absorbance, or Raman meth- od. Moreover, many polymers are biologically compatible, chemically inert to solvents, and electrical insulating for applications where strong electrical voltages are necessary, such as electrophoretic separation and the surface chemistry of polymers. This can also be modi- fied for specific applications. The most com- mon polymers used in bio-MEMS include PM- MA, PDMS, OSTEmer, and SU-8. So, what could be achieved using PCB tech- nology? Of recent years a lab-on-printed circuit board (LoPCB) approach has been suggested. The PCB industry is mature, well-established worldwide, and has standardized fabrication processes, materials, and production equip- ment currently dedicated to electronics ap- plications, but with the potential to become a Table 1: Base materials for LoC formations. Figure 6: Agilent Technology has been involved in the life sciences since 1995. Their "nanolab chips" are used to analyze DNA, RNA, SARS, and other infectious disease proteins [2] .