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58 DESIGN007 MAGAZINE I AUGUST 2021 zero (NRZ) signal at PCIe 4.0 16 Gbps (i.e., fundamental frequency 8 GHz, rise/fall time 25 ps) and PCIe 5.0 32 Gbps (i.e., fundamen- tal frequency 16 GHz, rise/fall time 12.5 ps) on transmitting (Tx) end of TL model A, B, C, D and E respectively. e NRZ signal has 1 Vpp amplitude. As shown in Figure 5, at 16 Gbps transmis- sion, TL model B with a stacked microvia experiences an eye height of 657 mVpp. e eye height encountered by TL model C with a staggered microvia is reduced by 3%, to 638 mVpp. Model D and E with shortened and wid- ened short bars in staggered microvias experi- Figure 4: Sdd21 plots for TL model A, B, C, D and E. Figure 5: Eye diagram for TL model A, B, C. D and E at 16 Gbps transmission.