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78 SMT007 MAGAZINE I APRIL 2022 PLM, TIA, and APS in the hierarchy of factory control soware (Figure 4) 4 5. DAQs: Study data acquisition systems, sensors, and SCADA from ISA 6. PLCs: Learn "ladder logic" and "low-code" programming to utilize low-cost program- mable logic controllers for sensors 7. Solution templates: Create solution templates for use by other engineers How Long Should It Take? Your team will need two to six months to edu- cate themselves on the tools and skills required for this assignment. Minimum is eight to 40 hours of lecture per topic to have the expertise to do this job. In that time, they should review their situation and look for: • A simple first project (from examples) that guarantees success and a great ROI; this needs about two months to implement. Success creates enthusiasm and support • Successful training for more engineers or technicians to create solutions • e data (including part number and date) before you can predict the outcome • New processes or equipment that take longer to implement • Insights that come from benchmarking competitors Table 1 outlines the eight chapters and description of their contents for e eHand- book of Statistical Methods which can be downloaded at no charge. 3 In collecting important data, many variables will be qualitative and not quantitative. As illustrated in Figure 3, selecting the right sta- tistical tool by the type of data or type of dis- tribution and type of factors will result in anal- ysis tools that will not only solve problems, but provide linear and non-linear digital twin models for forecasting. You should select two additional educa- tional books or resources about PLCs, ladder logic, sensor technology, and data acquisition like Instrument Society of America (ISA) or National Instruments. Here are what I use in North America: Figure 3: When selecting the right statistical tool for problem analysis, refer to the four techniques in this flow chart.