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44 SMT007 MAGAZINE I JANUARY 2023 the second half of 2022, and Intel 3 for the sec- ond half of 2023. Intel is developing Intel 20A using a gate-all-around transistor in 2024, fol- lowed by Intel 18A. e 3 nm semiconductor node production is expected to begin in mid- 2022 and 2 nm is anticipated in 2023–24. Only a few companies will be able to afford these advanced nodes and even fewer companies will be able to make them. Tables 1 and 2 show major fabs and foundries and the technology nodes offered. Semiconductor Shortages Semiconductor shortages are impacting shipments of automobiles, appliances, per- sonal computers, smartphones, and servers. COVID-19 restrictions caused supply chain disruptions that led to chip manufacturing plant closures or production slowdowns yet demand for electronics products continues to rise. IDC reports that traditional PC ship- ments, including desktops, notebooks, and workstations reached 83.6 million units in Q2, an increase of 13.2% from the second quarter a year ago. Laptop demand for gaming remains strong. IDC reports that worldwide server ship- ments increased 8.3% year-over-year to almost 2.8 million units in Q1 2021. Servers remain in high demand, but component and CPU short- Figure 4: Chiplet layout under heatsink metal lid. (Source: Sources: IEEE, left, and AMD, right) Figure 5: Intel Foveros 3D stacked die cross-section: complexity, features, structures, materials. (Source: Intel)