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64 PCB007 MAGAZINE I MAY 2023 Drying As seen in Figure 7, the heat pumps can be very efficient in cooling the many power sup- plies and process tanks, and that energy, along with a principle of Raleigh wave ultrasonics 3 , can be used to dry the PCBs efficiently, includ- ing all the vias and cavities. Electroplating Simulations and Dynamics Newer understanding of Faraday's principles and boundary layer dynamics has led to the anode effect model based on number, spacing, and distance to the cathode, as seen in the first equation. 5 e second equation introduces the diffusion model for electrodeposition 4 . Predictive Maintenance For predictive maintenance, parameters such as voltage, current draw, vibrations, tem- perature, acoustics, and switching frequency are measured, recorded, and stored. is is in addition to the operating hours of the device. Depending on the device, the data is stored in a database and used to predict maintenance Figure 7: Heat pumps can be used to cool appropriate plating and processes, and heat other processes and rinse waters. (Source: Ludy) Equation 1 Diagram