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24 PCB007 MAGAZINE I JULY 2023 identifying value-added and non-value- added activities. 2. 5S: A methodology for workplace organization and cleanliness, consisting of Sort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardize, and Sustain. 3. Kanban: A pull-based system for inven- tory management and production control, ensuring that items are produced or restocked only when needed. 4. Just-in-Time ( JIT): A production strategy that aims to produce and deliver items in the right quantity, at the right time, and in the right place, minimizing inventory and waste. 5. Kaizen: e concept of continuous improvement, involving small, incremen- tal changes and involving employees at all levels in identifying and implementing improvements. By implementing Lean principles and prac- tices, organizations can achieve more efficient processes, reduced lead times, improved qual- ity, and increased customer satisfaction. Lean is applicable to a wide range of industries, includ- ing manufacturing, healthcare, service sectors, and more; it continues to evolve and be adapted to suit different contexts and challenges. Lean Lean is a methodology and philosophy that originated from the TPS and is widely used in various industries for process improvement and waste reduction. e core principle of Lean is to maximize value for customers by minimizing or eliminating non-value-added activities or waste. e primary focus of Lean is on creating flow and eliminating waste throughout the entire value stream, from the beginning of a process to its end. Waste, also known as "Muda" in Lean terminology, refers to any activity or process step that does not add value from the customer's perspective. Figure 1 illustrates the eight types of wastes identified in Lean Manufacturing. Lean aims to streamline processes by iden- tifying and eliminating these forms of waste, ultimately leading to improved efficiency, reduced costs, and enhanced customer satis- faction. It encourages a continuous improve- ment mindset and empowers employees at all levels to contribute ideas and suggestions for process optimization. Key concepts and tools used in Lean include: 1. Value Stream Mapping: A visual representation of the entire process flow, Figure 1.