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JULY 2023 I PCB007 MAGAZINE 25 feedback, and aligning all processes to deliver superior value and satisfaction to customers. 2. Continuous improvement: TQM pro- motes a culture of continuous improve- ment by constantly seeking ways to enhance processes, products, and ser- vices. It encourages employees at all levels to identify and eliminate sources of errors, defects, and inefficiencies. 3. Employee involvement: TQM recognizes that employees are valuable assets and encourages their active participation in quality improvement initiatives. It fosters a TQM (Total Quality Management) TQM is a management approach and philos- ophy aimed at achieving continuous improve- ment in quality across all aspects of an orga- nization. TQM focuses on customer satisfac- tion, employee involvement, and continu- ous process improvement to enhance overall organizational performance (Figure 2). Here are key characteristics and elements of TQM: 1. Customer focus: TQM places a strong emphasis on meeting and exceeding cus- tomer expectations. It involves under- standing customer needs, gathering Figure 2.