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20 The PCB Design Magazine • April 2014 Prudent PCB designers used to have good reasons for avoiding trace widths and spaces smaller than 3 mils beyond very short spans. But the 3 mil limitation is now becoming a thing of the past, thanks to the use of semi-additive fabrication by some board manufacturers. The main reason designers steered clear of sub-3-mil lines and spaces for more than short distances is etch factor. The convergence of ever-greater circuit den- sity and ever-higher data rates has reached the point where the chemistry of conventional PCB fabrication processes cannot be controlled tightly enough to consistently satisfy design needs. The traditional manufacture of PCBs be- gins with a laminate clad with copper on one or both sides. PCB manufacturers purchase clad laminates (cores) from suppliers in a wide range of substrate materials and copper thicknesses, and they also create laminates by bonding sub- strate materials in prepreg form with copper foils in a press. Basically, traces are patterned by applying an etch resist to the copper surface, curing the resist by selectively exposing it to light where copper should be retained as traces and other features, and then etching away (subtracting) the unexposed resist and underlying copper in an acid bath. The objective is to produce traces whose cross-section is rectangular. However, the bath not only removes copper in the verti - cal direction but also eats some of it away at the sides of the traces horizontally underneath the resist, resulting in the sort of profile illustrated in Figure 1 [1] . by Amit Bahl sierrA CirCuiTs DESIGN FOR MANuFACTuRING Mythbusting: Semi-Additive Process Makes Sub-3/3 a Reality feature column Figure 1: The etch factor (F) is the ratio of the trace height divided by how far the trace was eaten away at the top on one edge compared to the base. F = t/x.