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AUGUST 2022 I DESIGN007 MAGAZINE 23 good pick for planar capacitance. For fast rise time signals, we need a low dissipation factor with low loss. However, for planar capacitance (between power/ground planes), we need a very thin dielectric with a high dielectric con- stant. e capacitance (C) of a parallel plate capacitor (plane) is relative to plane area (A), the dielectric thickness (d), and the dielectric constant (Dk). For a high distributed capacitance, we need a high Dk, so I have chosen a low-cost King- board material (highlighted) with a high Dk of 4.6. Not only will this help reduce the cost but will also help reduce the AC impedance of the power distribution network. You do not have to use the same expensive material throughout the stackup; in this case, the low-cost King- board material performs better for its applica- tion. Utilizing efficient EDA tools can also streamline the PCB development cycle. Many improvements in EDA soware have helped to structure the design flow effectively and have reduced expenses. e availability of an elabo- rate component library reduces the rebuilding time and effort. Team sharing soware can also drive comprehensive design reviews to improve the quality of the product. Following the best design constraints won't necessarily produce a premium product. Across multiple sectors, fields, and disciplines, simulation is having a profoundly positive effect. One of the primary advantages of using simulation soware is the fact that it enables one to obtain valuable feedback when design- ing real-world circuits. Furthermore, this feed- back does not come with the time or expendi- ture typically required to procure this much- needed design insight. is, in turn, allows the designer to determine the efficiency and integrity of their designs without the need to build the product first. Lifecycle Insights (Sep- tember 2018) found that the average number of respins per project was 2.9, and the average cost of a respin was $28,482. at's an incred- ible $82,598 for each new product. Simulation also allows the designer to explore the worthiness of alternate designs without ever building the actual product. Moreover, examining the effects of your design decisions during the design phase rather than the construction phase saves iter- ations, time, and money, as well as increases design quality. e cost of development is dramatically reduced if simulation is employed early in the design cycle. If changes are made late in the design process, then it takes more time, peo- ple, material, and therefore money, to com- plete the project. e advantage of simulation is that it identifies issues early in the design process and rectifies them before they become a major problem. Design changes that occur: • In the conceptual stage it costs nothing • During the design stage it requires just a little extra time • During the test stage means that you must regress one stage • During production, or worse still, in the field, can cost millions to fix and possibly damage the company's reputation Having the project completed on time and within budget, means that costs are cut by reducing the design cycle and generating higher profits due to shorter time-to-market and an extended product life cycle. Having validated the design by simulation, you can be assured of reliable performance. Key Points • Anyone new to PCB development should initially begin with the IPC standards and then fine-tune them to capture the essence of their design style. • e adoption of SMT and the increased use of HDIs have enabled more functionality per unit area than conventional PTH PCBs.