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20 DESIGN007 MAGAZINE I AUGUST 2023 ficial intelligence we are typically talking about with second- or third-wave machine learning, deep learning, and such. What's the cutoff between these techniques and true artificial intelligence? ere's something called artificial general intelligence (AGI)—AI doesn't have to be trained or taught about a task but can solve it anyway. With ChatGPT, for example, in these very large language models, it's seeing scenarios that it's never seen before and can problem solve against them. A recent research paper from Microso makes the argument that you're see- ing the glimmers of AGI in the system. Some would say that's the cutoff point, but it's a neb- ulous term right now. Nolan Johnson: In an interview with Brad Griffin at Cadence Design Systems, he said they're looking at creating simulation param- eters for optimization. Data shows that while a human might put together five or six differ- ent scenarios to simulate for fault and signal integrity, the AI generates a couple of dozen additional parameters. At that point, it looks more like basic problem solving. How do we get to a solution? ink about imagination or creativity; AI thus far can be creative in a derivative sense. You provide it with a theme or boundaries, and it will give you a creative artifact in that genre or within those boundaries. e question that philosophers and practitioners will ask is something called meta creativity: Can AI make an intuitive leap and come up with something new altogether? Einstein came up with the gen- eral theory of relativity; Picasso created a form of art called Cubism. Will AI ever do that? Can it look at what you're doing, tell you that your design isn't efficient enough, and then come up with something completely new, a design that hasn't been thought of yet? Shaughnessy: Some companies are using AI and they say it's definitely a step above machine learning because they've used it to create some products. But why is it so hard to get AI into production? Is it due to a generation gap? It might be about hiring younger people. ey can't imagine a world without AI; it's all they know. But it's more about understanding out- put. I ask ChatGPT something, but how do I trust that what it's giving me is accurate? ere's no way to do that right now. It's one thing to ask ChatGPT to write you an essay. But when you're asking it to design with certain parameters which will go into a critical system, how do you trust its output? at's a big gap with generative AI right now: ere's no way to validate its output other than the human being that has to make sense of what it has generated. at's why I can see there being some skepticism to using this tool in a com- pletely free manner. ere has to be certain checks and boundaries around it. Shaughnessy: There's much that remains to be seen. Sheldon, thank you for your time. ank you both. DESIGN007 Sheldon Fernandez