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78 PCB007 MAGAZINE I MAY 2025 these process variables to meet the customer's requirements. Using SPC will drive the ongoing optimization of these systems and processes. SPC is particularly valuable in studying var- ious manufacturing systems. As with any pro- cess, there is variability, which is to be expected. No two things are the same. e goal is to mini- mize this variability to consistently achieve the target condition and minimize the natural width of the process. You want to tighten the varia- tion around the target condition. From there, it's possible to calculate the Process Capabil- ity Index (Cpk). Understanding and measuring Cpk for all processes will allow for a high-qual- ity manufacturing operation. Online Realtime Analysis/Control of Processes One cannot stress enough the importance of maintaining tight control of the manufacturing processes. is includes, but is not limited to: • Plating solutions • Rinse water cleanliness • Proper operating temperatures • pH control of processes Relying on periodic wet analysis once or so per shi is not the answer to building a qual- ity-focused organization. Although we auto- mate some processes like etching and electro- less copper, many processes still rely on simple wet analytical methods that lack comprehen- sive data for accuracy and consistency. One very important method is to have tight controls on the electroplating processes. Invest in real-time analysis instruments, as shown in Figure 1. is electroplating bath analyzer (EBA) is accurate and easy to implement. It provides precise control of electroplating solutions. e system from Technic, Inc. uses both AC and DC voltammetry in a chemometric approach (a chemical discipline that uses statistics, for- mal logic, and mathematics to extract criti- cal information). is eliminates interferences from matrix effects that can skew analytical data and results. Figure 1: Electroplating bath analyzer from Technic, Inc. Strategies to Improve Yields and Reliability Here are four strategies that will benefit fabricators: 1. Training and certification 2. Statistical process control/FMEA 3. Online real-time analysis/control of processes 4. Test vehicles/thermal reliability methods Training and Certification Invest in training and certification through IPC. ere are many programs available, including online training and certification pro- grams through IPC Edge. e first programs you should consider are: • IPC-600 • IPC-610 • IPC-6012 • IPC-6013 • IPC-6015 In addition, consider IPC's many certifica- tion and training programs. Become a Certi- fied IPC Trainer (CIT) or a Certified IPC Spe- cialist (CIS). Statistical Process Control (SPC) SPC is a critical tool that can be used to con- trol and improve any process. Look at any pro- cess as a system that has inputs, outputs, and operating parameters. Operating conditions and parameters are variables that can change and affect the quality and reliability of the product. It's important to monitor and control