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94 I-CONNECT007 MAGAZINE I APRIL 2026 of the concentrated effluent. In turn, it reduces the investment required for the evaporation and drying steps, which are physical steps that are very robust when compared with membrane tech- nology, and that can be a sig- nificant CapEx with a significant OpEx if not managed well. To be a ZLD system, dry waste must be created to be removed offsite for landfill. A moisture content of below 10% is specified in India. Sizing a ZLD system is probably the most critical engineering step. GSE has a proprietary calcula- tion sheet for this and works with customers directly regarding their daily water usage. Case Study For a modern wastewater treat- ment system capable of handling the demands of a PCB fabrication facility with a water consump- tion of approximately 500,000 Figure 2: An overview of the major components that define a ZLD, closed-loop, water recycling system in a fab. Figure 3: The planning of a 500m3/day ZLD system.