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48 PCB007 MAGAZINE I JANUARY 2023 being the most popular and largest installed base. ese are used in automation protocols as seen in Figure 4. Four of the most popular protocols for PLCs are: 1. ModBus TCP 2. Profinet 3. OPC-UA 4. MAPS IPC-CFX/HERMES For electronics assembly, over 300 corpo- rate IPC members came together to create the connected Factory Exchange (CFX) in 2018. e IPC-2591 is an open-source standard for "plug-and-play" connectivity for electronics assembly. It establishes three critical elements for plug- and-play industrial IoT: 1. A message protocol using AMQP. 2. An encoding mechanism using JSON. 3. A specific content creation element- structured topics and messages. ese elements allow for the creation of automatic decision making, dashboard dis- plays, alerts, and reports. Applications that improve productivity, efficiency, capacity planning, and quality while lowering costs can be seen in Figure 5. It allows the full traceabil- ity of components (IPC- 1782) and feedback to design (IPC-2581). Typical CFX topics and messages are shown in Figure 6. IPC has established the "CFX Me s s a g e S u b m i s s i o n Process," a methodology to add/edit new mes- sages for the CFX stan- d a r d , w h i c h a l l o w s the standard to grow and be applied by more machines and processes. Figure 4: IPC-CFX is an open, free M2M electronic assembly protocol standard 2-3 . Figure 5: CFX drives Industry 4.0 digital integration for electronics assembly by connecting assembly to factory and enterprise solutions 3 .