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14 DESIGN007 MAGAZINE I FEBRUARY 2024 Feature Article by John Andresakis QUANTIC OHMEGA-TICER e rapid advance of mobile technologies has sparked an insatiable demand for radio spectrum bandwidth. e rush to capitalize on wider bandwidths, higher data rates, and lower latency offered by frequency bands like 5G and millimeter wave is evident across industries. Cellular 5G and 6G networks, low-Earth orbit (LEO) and mid-Earth orbit (MEO) satellites, interconnected devices (IoT), autonomous vehicles, and even defense and environmental monitoring systems are driving this paradigm shi. To manage the influx of signals from these diverse applications, antennas, and sensors are undergoing a critical evolution, becoming increasingly sophisticated and miniaturized. To ensure high data rate connectivity in Embedded Design: Materials Matter this complex landscape, broadband high-gain antennas are experiencing a significant transfor- mation. Traditional dish and horn antennas give way to flat-panel active electronically steered arrays (AESA) for beam-forming and massive MIMO designs. ese AESA arrays, capable of shaping azimuth, elevation, and antenna pat- terns on demand, are vital for directing beams toward specific devices and maximizing signal efficiency. To accommodate this shi, the RF industry has rapidly developed new integrated circuits, materials, processes, and equipment to build reliable and accurate devices for these mission-critical sensor applications. Much of the engineering expertise behind these modern AESA systems draws inspiration