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66 DESIGN007 MAGAZINE I OCTOBER 2025 F ollowing up on the last article on integrating ultra high density interconnect (UHDI) PCB technolo- gies and Quality 5.0, here we will do a deeper dive into the automated inspection component. UHDI applications demand extreme precision, with line/ space dimensions below 25 µm and microvias below 30 µm. Automated inspection systems are essential to achieving the defect-free fabrication required at these scales, and legacy automated inspection sys- tems are becoming obsolete and ineffective. UHDI Inspection UHDI technology pushes the boundaries of PCB design and manufacturing, introducing micron- scale features that demand extremely precise inspection methods. As line/space dimensions shrink below 25 µm and microvias drop under 30 µm, traditional inspection tools and practices become insufficient. Manual visual inspection and traditional AOI systems lack the resolution, speed, and accuracy to detect micron-scale defects. As a result, UHDI demands the integration of highly advanced, fully automated inspection systems capable of real-time analysis, defect classification, and process feedback. Inspection Challenges in UHDI • Sub-micron traces: UHDI designs may fea- ture 15–25 µm line widths that challenge optical resolution • Microvia defects: Blind/buried vias require specialized laser or X-ray inspection U H D I F U N DA M E N TA LS by A n a ya Va rd ya , A m e r i c a n S ta n d a rd C i rc u i t s UHDI Technology and Automated Inspection