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24 PCB007 MAGAZINE I MARCH 2025 and display graphics, have emerged as the most popular control system. With their associated sensors and monitors, they are the workhorses of the control field. As seen in Figure 5, they can control PCB panel movements, as well as power supplies, pumping and filtering, chemi- cal sequencing, temperature and analysis, and displays and warnings. Modular Power Sources and Rectifiers Modern current and voltage sources with digital control and modular design are now common. e modular system design can use identical rectifier modules, and the increase in output power through parallel or serial opera- tion of the individual modules provides flexi- bility for plant expansion, production change- over, and process changeover. Redundancy is also guaranteed in the event of a component failure. In the course of modularization, multichan- nel systems are installed, anodes and anode groups are switched on and off, and specific monitoring options for contacting anodes and Colorado, in 1975. By driving the hoists with variable-speed motors and using the HP laser surveying system to measure the precise loca- tion of their various hoists, they could acceler- ate and decelerate to the exact center of pro- cess tanks. is saved precious minutes in hoist travel times and ensured that none of the hoists collided. Automated Racking Robotic and articulating plating flight bars are now employed to rack PCBs into the plat- ing carriers and ensure that a good electrical contact is made. Figure 4 shows some of the many simple robotic arms used to rack PCB panels. e articulated flight bars allow hoists to carry two sets of cathodes but move them closer in non-plating cells to save space. Control Systems, Sensors, and Chemical Dosing Programmable logic controllers (PLCs), with their associated networking capability Figure 3: Advanced plating cells have been engineered with advanced filtration and solution agitation to ensure the best via filling, as well as cooling and chemical analysis and dosing. (Source: Atotech and Ludy)